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中国生物工程杂志

CHINA BIOTECHNOLOGY
中国生物工程杂志
中国生物工程杂志  2022, Vol. 42 Issue (1/2): 160-173    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2108011
综述     
微藻生物技术在碳中和的应用与展望*
章真1,2,刘晓军1,陈夏1,姚丽萍1,张荣庆1,2,**()
1 浙江清华长三角研究院 嘉兴 314000
2 清华大学生命科学学院 北京 100084
Application and Prospect of Microalgae Biotechnology in Carbon Neutralization
ZHANG Zhen1,2,LIU Xiao-jun1,CHEN Xia1,YAO Li-ping1,ZHANG Rong-qing1,2,**()
1 Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314000, China
2 School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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摘要：

碳中和是指CO2“零排放”,在一段时间内通过节能减排、增加碳汇等途径,抵消各类活动所产生的CO2的排放。微藻是含有叶绿素a的原生生物,可以利用太阳能通过浓缩机制(CCM)进行光合作用高效固定CO2、通过异养同化作用转化固定有机碳。微藻生物质可转化为生物燃料、生物材料及生物肥料等,实现对传统化石燃料、塑料及化肥等的替代。生物技术应用涵盖了从上游的藻种选育、生长代谢过程的多组学调控、培养条件及光生物反应器的优化设计到下游的采收提取纯化及应用等微藻的全生命周期。以碳的收支为主线综述了微藻生物技术在碳中和领域的应用研究现状,讨论了其价值、意义及应用中存在的问题及改进方向。针对关键节点改善碳足迹,以实现微藻在碳中和领域更多应用。
关键词： 碳中和;  微藻;  二氧化碳;  固定;  生物燃料    
Abstract:

Carbon neutralization means that the carbon dioxide emissions produced are offset, leading to carbon dioxide “zero emissions” within a certain period, through afforestation, energy conservation, and emission reduction. Microalgae is generally a term for the microorganism that contains chlorophyll a and can carry out photosynthesis. It has the characteristic property of being carbon neutral. It can efficiently fix carbon dioxide through the CO2 concentration mechanism (CCM) by photosynthesis and fix organic carbon through heterotrophic assimilation. The organic carbon recycling is coupled with microalgae cultivation by using nutrients in wastewater from sewage sludge, agriculture, or food industry. The new alternative and clean energy originated from microalgae includes biodiesel, alcohol-based fuel, hydrogen, and hydrocarbons. The biomass can be converted into biofuels, biomaterials, and biofertilizers to replace fossil fuels, plastics, and fertilizers. Biotechnology applications through the full life cycle include species selection, multi-omics regulation, cultivation in photobioreactors, harvesting, extraction, and purification of microalgae biomass or products. Herein, the application and research status of microalgae biotechnology in the field of carbon neutralization are reviewed based on the carbon balance between intake and output. The value, significance, existing problems, and improvement direction of microalgae biotechnology are discussed. The low efficiency and high energy consumption of cultivation, harvesting, and extraction process are the main cause of carbon footprint. The screening of suitable microalgal strains, regulating of metabolic pathways, optimizing of culture conditions and bioreactors, and optimizing of downstream processing (such as harvesting, extraction, and purification) with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of carbon sequestration and utilization efficiency of light energy are expected to reduce costs and improve carbon footprint. More applications of microalgae in carbon neutral fields can be realized by targeting key nodes to improve the carbon footprint.
Key words: Carbon neutral    Microalgae    Carbon dioxide    Fixation    Biofuels
收稿日期: 2021-08-08 出版日期: 2022-03-03
ZTFLH:  Q819  
基金资助: * 国家重点研发计划(2018YFC0310600);国家自然科学基金(21706071);浙江省基础公益研究计划(LGN22C190010)
通讯作者: 张荣庆     E-mail: rqzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
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引用本文:

章真,刘晓军,陈夏,姚丽萍,张荣庆. 微藻生物技术在碳中和的应用与展望*[J]. 中国生物工程杂志, 2022, 42(1/2): 160-173.

ZHANG Zhen,LIU Xiao-jun,CHEN Xia,YAO Li-ping,ZHANG Rong-qing. Application and Prospect of Microalgae Biotechnology in Carbon Neutralization. China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(1/2): 160-173.

链接本文:

https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/CN/10.13523/j.cb.2108011    或    https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/CN/Y2022/V42/I1/2/160

图1  微藻碳固定与转化机制示意图
藻种 培养模式 反应器 CO2体积
分数/%		 CO2固定速率
/[g/(L·d)]		 CO2固定
率/%		 细胞产率
/[g/(L·d)]		 参考
文献
Chlorella vulgaris 分批 7.5 L鼓泡柱式 4 4.50 — 3.41 [5]
Thermosynechococcus CL-1 (TCL-1) 连续 100 L 平板式 0.03 4.08 — 2.78 [6]
Chlorella vulgaris 分批 0.5 L 鼓泡柱式 2.5 3.51 — 1.86 [7]
Chlorella vulgaris P12 分批 0.1 L鼓泡柱式 7 2.22 — 1.33 [8]
Synechococcus elongates 半连续 中空纤维膜式 10 2.08 4.3 0.35 [9]
Chlorella vulgaris — 1.8 L 管式 10 0.12 95.3 — [10]
Scenedesmus obliquus — 1.8 L 管式 10 0.27 94.7 — [10]
Chlorella sp. MB-9 分批 50 L 柱式 20 — 86.3 0.32 [11]
Spirulina platensis 分批 0.5 L膜式 15 1.44 85.0 0.43 [12]
Chlorella vulgaris 分批 20 L 气升式 2 — 80.0 — [13]
Arthrospira sp. — 900 L列管 100 0.36 — — [14]
Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 半连续 1×105 L管式 60~75 65 [15]
Chlorella sp. 分批 40 L 袋式 38 — 57.3 — [16]
Acutodesmus sp. 分批 2 L 套管式 30 0.19 — 0.10 [17]
Chlorella sp. MTF-7 分批 50 L 柱式 25 — 60 0.52 [17-18]
表1  微藻固定CO2速率及固定率
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