Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the routine technique of exosome isolation (modified from the references[18], by Figdraw) A: Ultracentrifugation. Exosomes were obtained by multiple centrifugation, centrifugal forces from 300 g up to 100 000 g, after each centrifugation step, the supernatant including cells and cellular debris was removed and collected for subsequent centrifugation, the centrifugation is performed at 4℃ B: Density gradient ultracentrifugation. Preparation of an isometric density gradient ultracentrifugation by gradually decreasing the density layer from bottom to top. After prolonged centrifugation, exosomes and other extracellular components reach a static position in a medium of similar density to each component C: Size-exclusion chromatography. When passing a solution through a stationary phase consisting of porous resin particles, molecules can be separated according to size D: Immunoaffinity. After incubating exosome-containing liquids with exosome-specific antibody coupled to the solid substrates, exosomes can be enriched onto solid substrates
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