China Biotechnology

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Mammalian Exosomes: Isolation and Purification, Clinical Applications and Prospects

JIANG Shanshan, YIN Yuqi, LI Qianyu, ZHANG Liangyu, YANG Mei, WANG Yonghua

China Biotechnology, 2024, 44(12): 51-63. DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2404028

miRNAs/lncRNA	疾病类型/来源	诊断/预后	表达方式
miR-320d、miR-4479、miR-6763-5p	上皮性卵巢癌/血浆	诊断	在癌症患者中下调
miR-27a	慢性心力衰竭/血清	诊断	在癌症患者中下调
miR-122-5p、miR-27b-3p	动脉粥样硬化/血清	诊断	在癌症患者中上调
miR-122-5p、let-7d-5p、miR-425-5p	肝细胞癌/血清	诊断	在癌症患者中上调
miR-21、miR-155、miR-182、miR-373、miR-126	乳腺癌/血清	诊断	在癌症患者中上调
miR-10b-5p、miR-486-5p	口咽癌/唾液	诊断	癌症患者中miR-486-5p升高,miR-10b-5p降低
miR-134	胃癌/血清	诊断	在癌症患者中下调
LINC00265、LINC00467、UCA1	急性髓性白血病/血浆	诊断	在癌症患者中下调
miR-200c-3p	胆管癌/血清	预后	高水平可预测不良的预后反应
lncRNA-GC1	胃癌/血清	预后	低水平可预测治疗的良好反应
AL355353.1、AC011468.1、AL354919.2	膀胱癌/尿	预后	高水平可预测不良的预后反应

Table 3 Exosomal non-coding RNAs as diagnostic/prognostic markers^[74⇓-76]

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Fig.1 Schematic diagram of exosome biogenesis (by Figdraw) Exosomes are small membrane vesicles. They are formed as intraluminal vesicles by inward budding of the cell membrane into early endosomes, subsequently undergo migration and sorting to produce multivesicular body (MVB) and form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). Upon fusion of thus arising MVB with the plasma membrane, these vesicles are released as exosomes
Table 1 Comparison of common exosomes isolation methods and their advantages /disadvantages^[18⇓-20]
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the routine technique of exosome isolation (modified from the references[18], by Figdraw) A: Ultracentrifugation. Exosomes were obtained by multiple centrifugation, centrifugal forces from 300 g up to 100 000 g, after each centrifugation step, the supernatant including cells and cellular debris was removed and collected for subsequent centrifugation, the centrifugation is performed at 4℃ B: Density gradient ultracentrifugation. Preparation of an isometric density gradient ultracentrifugation by gradually decreasing the density layer from bottom to top. After prolonged centrifugation, exosomes and other extracellular components reach a static position in a medium of similar density to each component C: Size-exclusion chromatography. When passing a solution through a stationary phase consisting of porous resin particles, molecules can be separated according to size D: Immunoaffinity. After incubating exosome-containing liquids with exosome-specific antibody coupled to the solid substrates, exosomes can be enriched onto solid substrates
Table 2 Summary of exosome isolation on different body fluid types^[57]

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