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中国生物工程杂志

China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology  2022, Vol. 42 Issue (11): 117-125    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2209024
    
Advances in Extraction, Isolation and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Morel
LI Ting(),LIU Bing,LIN Shan,XIA Xing-xing,ZHAO Ping***,LI Pei,FENG Pei-yao,ZHANG Xue-tong,FU Yun-na,YAN De-hui
School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Abstract  

Morel (Morchella spp.) is a kind of rare edible and medicinal fungus. The polysaccharides extracted from morel have excellent biological activities in terms of anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and immune regulation, and have broad application prospects in the development of food, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. The effective extraction of morel polysaccharide is the basis of its structure analysis and bioactivity research. Different methods of extraction for morel polysaccharides have certain effects on their structures and bioactivities. It was found that the bioactivities are impacted greatly by the characteristics of morel polysaccharides with structure, such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and primary structure. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the structure of morel polysaccharides to reveal their bioactivity and mechanism of action. The extraction, isolation, structure analysis and bioactivity of morel polysaccharide are summarized, the mechanism of its bioactivity is analyzed, and the future research direction is proposed to provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of morel polysaccharide.

Key words： Morel polysaccharide      Extraction and isolation      Structural characteristics      Bioactivity     
Received: 12 September 2022      Published: 07 December 2022
ZTFLH:  Q936  
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LI Ting
LIU Bing
LIN Shan
XIA Xing-xing
ZHAO Ping
LI Pei
FENG Pei-yao
ZHANG Xue-tong
FU Yun-na
YAN De-hui
Cite this article:

LI Ting, LIU Bing, LIN Shan, XIA Xing-xing, ZHAO Ping, LI Pei, FENG Pei-yao, ZHANG Xue-tong, FU Yun-na, YAN De-hui. Advances in Extraction, Isolation and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Morel. China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(11): 117-125.

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https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/10.13523/j.cb.2209024     OR     https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/Y2022/V42/I11/117

方法 原理 关键参数 种类 参考文献
热水浸提法 多糖是亲水性大分子,水通过细胞壁进入胞内,使多糖等可溶性成分溶出细胞 液料比、提取温度、提取时间、醇沉浓度、醇沉温度、醇沉时间、醇沉pH等 羊肚菌子实体
六妹羊肚菌子实体
粗柄羊肚菌子实体		 [9-10]
[11-12]
[13-14]
渗透压法 在高浓度盐溶液条件下,细胞壁溶胀、破壁,多糖通过质壁分离的细胞壁缝隙析出 浸提时间、浸提温度、氯化钠浓度、pH等 羊肚菌菌丝体 [15]
高压脉冲
电场法		 压力升高,导致渗透能力增强;保压时,有效成分充分溶解;泄压时,形成压力差,细胞壁和细胞膜在压力差的作用下发生变形或破坏,促进有效成分快速释放至胞外 电场强度脉冲数、时间、温度、液料比等 羊肚菌菌丝体 [16]
超声波辅助
提取法		 在超声波的热能、机械作用、剪切力、冲击力及空化效应等多级效应的影响下,细胞壁破坏,分子运动速率增强,有效成分得到更加充分的溶解,加速多糖的析出 超声功率、超声温度、超声时间、料液比等 尖顶羊肚菌子实体
粗柄羊肚菌菌丝体
胞外多糖		 [17]
[18]
[19]
酶辅助提取法 在酶辅助条件下,促进多糖溶出、增加多糖析出率 酶类型、酶解pH、酶解时间、酶浓度、酶用量等 羊肚菌子实体
梯棱羊肚菌子实体		 [20]
[21]
Table 1 The methods of extraction and isolation of morel polysaccharides
品种 多糖 分子量/Da 单糖组成 糖苷键 端基糖苷键 纯化方式 参考文献
梯棱羊肚菌
Morchella
importuna		 MIPB50-W 9.4×105 Glc →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→
→4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→		 α-D-Glcp-(1→ DEAE-cellulose
Sephadex G-75		 [22]
MIPB50-S-1 4.4×105 Glc →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→
→4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→
→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→		 α-D-Glcp-(1→
MIPW50-1 2.9×104 GlcNAc∶Gal∶Glc∶Man = 1.00∶14.95∶1.53∶10.51 →2,3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→
→2)-α-D-Galp-(1→
→3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→
→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→
→4)-α-D-GlcNAcp-(1→
→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→
→ 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→		 β-D-Glcp-(1→
α-D-Galp-(1→
α-D-GlcNAcp-(1→		 DEAE Sepharose
Fast Flow
Sephadex G-75		 [23]
梯棱羊肚菌
Morchella
importuna		 MIP 1.5×106 Glc∶Man∶Gal = 0.64∶0.55∶0.27 — — — [24]
MIP 1.4×106 Xyl:Glc:Gal:Fuc
=9.21∶8.59∶3.73∶1.00		 — — DEAE cellulose-52
Sephadex G-100		 [25]
MIPB70-1 2.1×104 Man∶Gal∶Glc∶GlcNAc =5.61∶7.16∶5.54∶1.00 →3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→
→2,3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→
→2)-α-D-Galp-(1→
→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→
→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→
→4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→
→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→		 α-D-Galp-(1→
α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→
β-D-Glcp-(1→		 DEAE SepharoseFast FlowSephadex G-75 [26]
尖顶羊肚菌
Morchella conica		 MEP3A 8.1×104 — →6)-α-D-Manp-(1→ — DEAE cellulose-52
Sephacryl S-300		 [27]
六妹羊肚菌
Morchella
sextelat		 MSP-II — Glc∶Ara∶Gal∶Man∶Rha∶Fuc∶GalUA∶GluUA=34.95∶8.7∶9.55∶4.55∶5.0∶1.45∶12.70∶7.65 — — DEAE-cellulose
Sephadex G-25		 [28]
MSP 2.9×105 Man∶Glc∶Gal = 9.00∶1.00∶6.00 — — DEAE cellulose-52
Sephadex G-100		 [29]
黑脉羊肚菌
Morchella
angusticeps		 PMEP-1 4.4×104 Ara∶Man∶Glc∶Gal = 1∶2.37∶4.79∶3.09 →5)-α-Arap-(1→
→6)-β-Galp-(1→
→2)-α-D-Manp -(1→
→4)-α-Glcp-(1→
→2,6)-β-Galp-(1→
→2,6)-β- Manp-(1→
→4,6)-β-Gclp-(1→		 β-D-Manp-(1→
α-D-Glcp-(1→		 DEAE cellulose
Sephadex G-100		 [30]
羊肚菌
Morchella
esculenta		 FMP-1 4.7×103 Man∶Glc∶Gal = 1.00∶7.84∶1.24 →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→
→4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→
→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→
→6)-β-D-Manp-(1→		 α-D-Glcp-(1→
β-D-Manp-(1→		 Superdex G-75 [4]
MEP — Glc∶Ga∶Man∶Xyl∶Ara = 3.96∶1.79∶1.52∶0.12∶0.37 — — — [31]
MEP 1-1 1.37×105 Glc∶Gal∶Man ∶Ara = 4.39∶2.15∶1.78∶0.69 — — DEAE cellulose
Sephadex G-200
MEP 2-3 1.15×104 Glc∶Gal∶Man∶ Xyl∶Ara = 3.70∶1.58∶0.92∶0.76∶2.33 — —
ME-X 1.6×104 — — — DEAE cellulose-52 [5]
MP-1 — Glc∶Man∶Gal∶Ara∶Xyl∶Rha = 38.06∶14.43∶17.06∶9.25∶2.08∶0.94 →4)-β-Manp-(1→
→4)-β-D-GlcAp-(1→
→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→		 α-D-Galp-(1→
β-D-Arap-(1→		 DEAE Sephadex
A-50
Sephadex G-100		 [32]
MP-3 — Glc∶Man∶Gal∶Ara∶Xyl∶Rha =27.04∶28.66∶11.12∶9.07∶6.71∶3.22 →2,6)-α-Galp-(1→
→3,4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→
→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→		 α-D-Galp-(1→
β-D-Galp-(1→
MP-4 — Glc∶Man∶Gal∶Ara∶Xyl∶Rha =24.69∶20.46∶10.22∶7.91∶4.05∶2.83 →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→
→3)-β-Galp-(1→
→3)-β-Glcp-(1→		 —
Table 2 Structural characteristics of morel polysaccharides
抗肿瘤
类别		 活性成分 纯化方式 研究内容 参考
文献
模型 活性
抗宫
颈癌		 多糖硫酸化衍生物MSP-SⅠ、MSP-SⅡ、MSP-SⅢ和MSP-SⅣ DEAE Sepharose
Sephadex G-25		 体外 HeLa细胞 将HeLa细胞抑制至S期抑制HeLa细胞增殖;促线粒体膜电位呈下降,促进HeLa细胞凋亡 [33]
子实体水溶性多糖MEP 1-1、MEP 2-3 DEAE cellulose
Sephadex G-100		 体外 HeLa细胞 抑制HeLa细胞增殖 [31]
MP-1、MP-3和MP-4 DEAE Sephadexa-50
Sephadex G-100		 体外 HeLa细胞 诱导HeLa细胞阻滞在G0/G1期 [32]
抗乳
腺癌		 子实体多糖PMEP DEAE cellulose-52
Sephadex G-100		 体外 MDA-MB-2细胞 抑制MDA增殖,促进细胞凋亡。 [34]
子实体多糖MIPB 70-1 DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow Sephadex G-75 体内 4T1乳腺癌
小鼠模型		 增强了阿霉素的抗肿瘤活性并抑制肿瘤的生长 [26]
抗肺癌 子实体水溶性多糖MEP 1-1、MEP 2-3 DEAE cellulose-50
Sephadex G-100		 体外 A549细胞 抑制A549细胞增殖 [31]
子实体多糖FMP-1
多糖硫酸化衍生物SFMP-1		 醇沉粗多糖 体外 NR8383细胞 促进NR8383细胞增殖、抑制NR8383细胞凋亡 [35]
抗肝癌 子实体多PMEP-1 DEAE cellulose-52
Sephadex G-100		 体外 SMMC-7721
细胞		 抑制SMMC-7721细胞增殖 [7]
抗肝癌 MP-1、MP-3和MP-4 DEAE Sephadexa-50
Sephadex G-100		 体外 HepG-2细胞 诱导HepG-2细胞细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期 [32]
Table 3 Research in the antitumor activity of morel polysaccharides
成分 纯化方式 研究内容 参考
文献
模型 活性
体内 S180荷瘤小鼠 增加T淋巴细胞百分率和巨噬细胞吞噬率 [2]
子实体多糖ME-X DEAE cellulose-52 体外 淋巴细胞
T/B、RAW264.7细胞		 显著提高免疫细胞增殖能力,可以刺激巨噬细胞吞噬中性红能力 [5]
子实体多糖MIPB50-W、MIPB50-S-1 DEAE cellulose
Sephadex G-75		 体外 巨噬细胞、
RAW264.7细胞		 显著促进免疫细胞增殖,同时刺激巨噬细胞吞噬中性红能力 [22]
子实体多糖MIPW50-1 DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow
Sephadex G-75		 体外 巨噬细胞、
RAW264.7细胞		 刺激巨噬细胞功能,增加RAW264.7细胞的吞噬作用,促进NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌 [23]
菌丝体多糖MSP-II DEAE cellulose
Sephadex G-25		 体外 RAW264.7细胞 增强细胞增殖、吞噬作用,诱导巨噬细胞分泌NO [28]
子实体多糖MIPB-70 DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow
Sephadex G-75		 体外 RAW264.7细胞 增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能,促进NO和细胞因子的分泌 [26]
胞外多糖MP-1、MP-3和MP-4 DEAE Sephadex-50
Sephadex G-100		 体外 RAW264.7细胞 激活巨噬细胞功能,增加RAW264.7细胞的吞噬作用 [32]
Table 4 Research in the immunomodulatory activities of morel polysaccharides
成分 纯化方式 研究内容 参考
文献
模型 活性
胞外多糖MEP DEAE cellulose-52 体外 脂肪酶活性
胆酸盐结合率
葡萄糖的扩散速率		 抑制脂肪酶活性和血液中葡萄糖的扩散速率,甘氨胆酸钠和牛磺胆酸钠的结合率达到了35%和30% [36]
子实体多糖PMEP
多糖硫酸化衍生物SPMEP
羧甲基化衍生物CPMEP		 DEAE cellulose-52
Sephadex G-100		 体内 高胆固醇饮食
SD大鼠		 降低大鼠的血清总胆固醇质量浓度 [37]
[38]
子实体多糖PMEP-1 DEAE cellulose-52
Sephadex G-100		 体内 高脂SD大鼠 血清甘油三酯得到提高,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)降低 [7]
胞外多糖BEMC 醇沉粗多糖 体内 高脂模型小鼠 改善血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、脾肾指数等指标 [39]
Table 5 Research in the hypolipidemic activity of morel polysaccharides
生物活性 评价方法 机制 参考文献
免疫调节 细胞实验RAW264.7 通过作用于与细胞膜TLR4受体,促进NO、IL-6、TNF-α的分泌,增强吞噬功能,激活下游NK/Akt/NF-κB信号通路 [28]
增强吞噬功能及促进IL-6、TNF-α和NO分泌,可诱导TLR2、TLR4激活,MAPK和NF-κB通路得到激活 [22]
通过靶向巨噬细胞细胞膜TLR4受体,激活RAW 264.7细胞下游信号通路,增强了巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,促进了NO和细胞因子的分泌 [26]
细胞实验PC12 增强SOD、CAT和GSH-Px酶活性,抑制caspase-3活性,抑制p38、JNK1/2表达,增强ERK1/2表达,从而抑制NF-κB通路的激活 [45]
降血脂 动物实验
高胆固醇饮食大鼠模型		 降低肝脏3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶的表达,同时促进7α-羟化酶表达 [37]
抗肺癌 细胞实验
NR8383		 下调细胞中mRNA和蛋白质水平上的诱导NO合成(iNOS)和环氧合酶-2(COX-2)表达;抑制NF-κB和抑制IκBα的降解和磷酸化 [35]
抗乳腺癌 细胞实验MDA-MB-2 抑制Bcl-2蛋白表达,促进Bax表达,同时增加Bax/Bcl-2值 [34]
Table 6 Research in the bioactivity mechanism of morel polysaccharides
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