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中国生物工程杂志

China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology  2022, Vol. 42 Issue (3): 110-123    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2109051
    
Research Progress and Future Direction on High-cell-density Heterotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae
ZHANG Hu1,**,ZHAO Liang2,**,CHEN Yi3,GAO Bao-yan1,HU Qiang4,***(),ZHANG Cheng-wu1,***()
1 Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
2 Demeter Biotechnology (Zhuhai) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519031, China
3 Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Abstract  

Microalgae are sources of many important chemicals, such as lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, pigments and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have a broad range of applications in biofuels, food, feed, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the low production of microalgal biomass under photoautotrophic cultivation has limited its applications. In contrast, microalgae can grow fast and achieve ultrahigh cell densities under heterotrophic cultivation. These characteristics make heterotrophic cultivation have a promising potential for industrial production of microalgae-based products. This review aims to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages in microalgal heterotrophic cultivation, and the factors and strategies affecting microalgal cell growth as well as the current production of several microalgae under high-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation. The path forward for further economical and efficient production of microalgal target compounds under high-cell density heterotrophic culture with respect to four different opportunities is also discussed, which will in turn meet the huge demand of microalgal feedstocks in the above industries and accelerate the development of microalgae industry.

Key words： Microalgae      High-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation      Nutrition manner      Environmental factors      Culture strategy     
Received: 30 September 2021      Published: 07 April 2022
ZTFLH:  Q819  
Corresponding Authors: Qiang HU,Cheng-wu ZHANG     E-mail: huqiang@szu.edu.cn;tzhangcw@jnu.edu.cn
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ZHANG Hu
ZHAO Liang
CHEN Yi
GAO Bao-yan
HU Qiang
ZHANG Cheng-wu
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ZHANG Hu, ZHAO Liang, CHEN Yi, GAO Bao-yan, HU Qiang, ZHANG Cheng-wu. Research Progress and Future Direction on High-cell-density Heterotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae. China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(3): 110-123.

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https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/10.13523/j.cb.2109051     OR     https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/Y2022/V42/I3/110

Fig.1 Seed cultures preparation of Scenedesmus acuminatus for outdoor mass culture (10 000 L) (a) Photoautotrophic seed preparation (b) Heterotrophic seed preparation
Fig.2 Two commonly occurred contaminations in heterotrophic culture of S. acuminatus (a) Bacillus sp. (b) Actinomyces sp. Scale bar: 10 μm
Fig.3 Biomass concentration and glucose consumption in fed-batch fermentation of S. acuminatus under two different kinds of feeding strategies[3] (a) Glucose consumption under pulsed feeding strategy (b) Glucose consumption under stepwise constant feeding strategy (c) Biomass concentration under pulsed feeding strategy (d) Biomass concentration under stepwise constant feeding strategy
Algal division Strain Target product Culture
volume
/L		 Maximum
biomass
concentration
/(g·L-1)		 Average
biomass
productivity
/[g/(L·h-1)]		 References
Dinophyta Cryptecodinium cohnii DHA 2.0 109.0 0.27a [14]
Chrysophyta Poterioochromonas malhamensis β-1,3-glucan 7.5 32.8 0.23a [13]
Bacillariophyta Nitzschia laevis EPA 2.2 40.0 0.09a [52]
Bacillariophyta Nitzschia laevis Fucoxanthin 3.0 17.3 0.07a [61]
Rhodophyta Galdieria sulphuraria Phycocyanin 3.0 116.0 0.34a [47]
Rhodophyta Galdieria sulphuraria Phycocyanin 3.0 109.0 0.72 [62]
Chlorophyta Haematococcus pluvialis Astaxanthin 50.0 26.0 0.06 [56]
Chlorophyta Chromochloris zofingiensis Astaxanthin 3.7 71.1 0.24 [57]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lutein 3.7 19.6 0.14 [20]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Lutein 5.0 47.4 0.49a [63]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Lutein 25 000 49.0 1.53a [63]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Lutein 240 000 49.1 1.36a [63]
Chlorophyta Chlorella regularis Phytochemicals 2.6 84.0 2.76 [64]
Chlorophyta Chlorella pyrenoidosa Protein 5.0 132.2 1.50 [65]
Chlorophyta Chlorella pyrenoidosa Protein 50.0 149.4 1.78 [65]
Chlorophyta Chlorella pyrenoidosa Protein 1 500.0 31.1 0.40 [65]
Chlorophyta Botryococcus braunii Hydrocarbons 5.0 37.0 0.06 [66]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 2.0 144.0 0.69a [67]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 5.0 15.5 0.08a [44]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 5.0 51.2 0.28 [30]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 5.0 97.1 0.53a [12]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 5.5 45.2 0.23 [68]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 7.0 46.0 0.26 [68]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 750.0 12.8 0.07a [44]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 11 000.0 14.2 0.07a [44]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Lipids 60 000.0 33.1 0.16 [69]
Chlorophyta Chlorella sorokiniana Lipids 50.0 103.8 0.45 [70]
Chlorophyta Scenedesmus acuminatus Lipids 7.5 286.0 1.49 [11]
Chlorophyta Scenedesmus acuminatus Lipids 1 000 283.5 1.69 [11]
Chlorophyta Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Biomass 5.0 23.8 0.10 [71]
Chlorophyta Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Biomass 50.0 25.4 0.11 [71]
Chlorophyta Auxenochlorella protothecoides Biomass 19.0 116.0 0.98a [38]
Chlorophyta Chlorella sorokiniana Biomass 7.5 271.0 1.61 [10]
Chlorophyta Chlorella sorokiniana Biomass 1 000 247.0 1.77 [10]
Chlorophyta Chlorella regularis Biomass 2.6 84.0 2.76 [64]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Biomass 5.0 174.5 1.04 [72]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Biomass 50.0 117.2 3.52 [46]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Biomass 200.0 94.8 3.37 [46]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Biomass 600.0 81.6 1.22 [46]
Chlorophyta Chlorella vulgaris Biomass 4 000.0 43.3 0.62 [73]
Chlorophyta Chlorella USTB-01 Biomass 5 000.0 42.4 0.67 [74]
Table 1 Comparison of the major fermentation performance indices among different microalgae in literatures
Fig.4 Bio-based products from microalgae under high-cell density heterotrophic cultivation
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