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中国生物工程杂志

China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology  2022, Vol. 42 Issue (1/2): 160-173    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2108011
Orginal Article     
Application and Prospect of Microalgae Biotechnology in Carbon Neutralization
ZHANG Zhen1,2,LIU Xiao-jun1,CHEN Xia1,YAO Li-ping1,ZHANG Rong-qing1,2,**()
1 Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314000, China
2 School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract  

Carbon neutralization means that the carbon dioxide emissions produced are offset, leading to carbon dioxide “zero emissions” within a certain period, through afforestation, energy conservation, and emission reduction. Microalgae is generally a term for the microorganism that contains chlorophyll a and can carry out photosynthesis. It has the characteristic property of being carbon neutral. It can efficiently fix carbon dioxide through the CO2 concentration mechanism (CCM) by photosynthesis and fix organic carbon through heterotrophic assimilation. The organic carbon recycling is coupled with microalgae cultivation by using nutrients in wastewater from sewage sludge, agriculture, or food industry. The new alternative and clean energy originated from microalgae includes biodiesel, alcohol-based fuel, hydrogen, and hydrocarbons. The biomass can be converted into biofuels, biomaterials, and biofertilizers to replace fossil fuels, plastics, and fertilizers. Biotechnology applications through the full life cycle include species selection, multi-omics regulation, cultivation in photobioreactors, harvesting, extraction, and purification of microalgae biomass or products. Herein, the application and research status of microalgae biotechnology in the field of carbon neutralization are reviewed based on the carbon balance between intake and output. The value, significance, existing problems, and improvement direction of microalgae biotechnology are discussed. The low efficiency and high energy consumption of cultivation, harvesting, and extraction process are the main cause of carbon footprint. The screening of suitable microalgal strains, regulating of metabolic pathways, optimizing of culture conditions and bioreactors, and optimizing of downstream processing (such as harvesting, extraction, and purification) with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of carbon sequestration and utilization efficiency of light energy are expected to reduce costs and improve carbon footprint. More applications of microalgae in carbon neutral fields can be realized by targeting key nodes to improve the carbon footprint.

Key words： Carbon neutral      Microalgae      Carbon dioxide      Fixation      Biofuels     
Received: 08 August 2021      Published: 03 March 2022
ZTFLH:  Q819  
Corresponding Authors: Rong-qing ZHANG     E-mail: rqzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
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Cite this article:

ZHANG Zhen,LIU Xiao-jun,CHEN Xia,YAO Li-ping,ZHANG Rong-qing. Application and Prospect of Microalgae Biotechnology in Carbon Neutralization. China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(1/2): 160-173.

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https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/10.13523/j.cb.2108011     OR     https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/Y2022/V42/I1/2/160

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of mechanism of carbon fixation and transformation in microalgae (1)Calvin cycle.G3P: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; R5P: Ribulose-5-phosphate; 3PG: 3-Phosphoglycerate. (2)Fatty acids synthesis. Malonyl CoA: Malonyl coenzyme A; Malonyl ACP: Malonyl-acyl carrier protein; 3-Ketoacyl-ACP: 3-Ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein; 3-Hydroxyacyl-ACP: 3-Hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein; β-Hydroxyacyl-ACP: β-Hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein; Acyl-ACP: Acyl-acyl carrier protein.(3) Nitrogen assimilation. GLU: Glutamate; GLN: Glutamine. (4)TCA cycle.CIT: Citrate; ICIT: Isocitrate; SUCCoA: Succinyl-coenzyme A; 2-OG: Oxoglutarate; SUCC: Succinate; FUM: Fumarate; MAL: Malate; OAA: Oxaloacetic acid.(5)Organic carbon.G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; F6P: Fructose-6-phosphate; FDP: Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate; G3P: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; BPG: 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid; 2PG: 2-Phosphoglyceric acid; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; PYR: Pyruvate; ACCoA: Acetyl coenzyme A; G1P: Glucose-1-phosphate; ADP-Glc: ADP-Glucose; LPA: Lysophosphatidic acid; PA: Phosphatidic acid; DAG: Diacylglycerol; TAG: Triacylglycerol; PC: Phosphatidylcholine; LPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; DXOP: 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate; MEP: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate; DMAPP: Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; IPP: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate; FPP: Farnesyl pyrophosphate; GGPP: Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
藻种 培养模式 反应器 CO2体积
分数/%		 CO2固定速率
/[g/(L·d)]		 CO2固定
率/%		 细胞产率
/[g/(L·d)]		 参考
文献
Chlorella vulgaris 分批 7.5 L鼓泡柱式 4 4.50 — 3.41 [5]
Thermosynechococcus CL-1 (TCL-1) 连续 100 L 平板式 0.03 4.08 — 2.78 [6]
Chlorella vulgaris 分批 0.5 L 鼓泡柱式 2.5 3.51 — 1.86 [7]
Chlorella vulgaris P12 分批 0.1 L鼓泡柱式 7 2.22 — 1.33 [8]
Synechococcus elongates 半连续 中空纤维膜式 10 2.08 4.3 0.35 [9]
Chlorella vulgaris — 1.8 L 管式 10 0.12 95.3 — [10]
Scenedesmus obliquus — 1.8 L 管式 10 0.27 94.7 — [10]
Chlorella sp. MB-9 分批 50 L 柱式 20 — 86.3 0.32 [11]
Spirulina platensis 分批 0.5 L膜式 15 1.44 85.0 0.43 [12]
Chlorella vulgaris 分批 20 L 气升式 2 — 80.0 — [13]
Arthrospira sp. — 900 L列管 100 0.36 — — [14]
Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 半连续 1×105 L管式 60~75 65 [15]
Chlorella sp. 分批 40 L 袋式 38 — 57.3 — [16]
Acutodesmus sp. 分批 2 L 套管式 30 0.19 — 0.10 [17]
Chlorella sp. MTF-7 分批 50 L 柱式 25 — 60 0.52 [17-18]
Table 1 CO2 fixation rate and ratio by microalgae
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