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中国生物工程杂志

China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology  2022, Vol. 42 Issue (10): 112-124    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2204013
    
The Layout of Crop Breeding Patents of Multinational Seed Companies and Its Enlightenment to China
Qian JIA,Huai-guo ZHENG,Jing-juan ZHAO**()
Institute of Data Science and Agricultural Economics, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Abstract  

A new pattern of “two super companies, four strong companies, and differentiated development”has been formed basically in the global seed industry at present, and the seed industry giants are leading the research and development (R & D)of global crop breeding technology and industrial development. Study on technology R & D layout of multinational seed companies by in-depth analysis and mining of their crop breeding patents can be used as a reference for China to reasonably deploy crop breeding technology R & D and improve the layout and protection of intellectual property rights. The biological breeding R & D layout of the“two super and four strong”multinational seed companies was studied by analyzing their crop biological breeding patents applied for from 2015 to 2019 in Derwent Innovation (DI) database through text clustering method, and their focus of technology R & D was clarified by selecting key patents through measurement indicators and expert consultation. It was suggested that China should aim at the core field of biological breeding, strengthen the original innovation and integrated development of emerging cutting-edge technologies, enhance the exploration of new insect resistant genes and insect resistant mechanisms, intensify the collaborative protection and layout of intellectual property rights in the core technology chain and industrial chain of biological breeding, and improve the intellectual property protection level and intellectual property strategic awareness of globalization protection combinied with key layout.

Key words： Multinational seed companies      Crop breeding      Patent layout      Text cluster     
Received: 07 April 2022      Published: 04 November 2022
ZTFLH:  Q819  
Corresponding Authors: Jing-juan ZHAO     E-mail: zjjaaa_zn@163.com
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Qian JIA
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Cite this article:

Qian JIA,Huai-guo ZHENG,Jing-juan ZHAO. The Layout of Crop Breeding Patents of Multinational Seed Companies and Its Enlightenment to China. China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(10): 112-124.

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https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/10.13523/j.cb.2204013     OR     https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/Y2022/V42/I10/112

Fig.1 Patents analysis method of “two super and four strong” multinational seed companies
Fig.2 Biological breeding patents layout of “two super and four strong” multinational seed companies
类别 基因功能
抗虫基因 编码Cry蛋白、Woods CRW蛋白、BCW蛋白、δ-内毒素、TIC系列及AXMI系列杀虫蛋白
抗病基因 抗玉米大斑病、大豆锈病、北方叶枯病、番茄灰霉病、小麦叶斑病、甜菜坏死性黄脉病毒、炭疽菌、疫霉菌、褐孔菌科真菌病原体
耐除草剂基因 编码原卟啉原氧化酶(PPO)、对羟基苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶(HPPD)、草甘膦-N-乙酰转移酶(GLYAT)、突变的纤维素合酶(CESA)、草甘膦耐受突变体5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶(EPSPS)、麦草畏脱羧酶
抗逆基因 编码谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、耐热rubisco活化酶、环状氨基酸1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶、dtp6多肽、DN-DTP1多肽,调控乙烯产量(ETO1)、调节生长素应答、调节抑制隐性类病斑突变les23主要数量性状位点slm1
植物生长发育
相关基因		 调节作物开花时间、雄性不育及育性恢复、种子活力、胚芽发育、作物器官尺寸和产量(ZmARGOS),编码与番茄软化相关的脱氧苏氨酸合酶(DHS)、编码组蛋白单泛素化1(HUB1)
优质高产基因 与多不饱和脂肪酸含量、小麦小穗数,芸薹属植物花数、荚数及千粒重、叶绿素-1,6-双磷酸酶(cpFBPase)、果胶乙酰酯酶(PAE1)、去饱和酶、生长调节蛋白(GRP)相关,能够提升作物产量、改善种子油脂成分、增加种籽中脂肪酸含量或蛋白质含量
Table 1 Functional trait genes explored by “two super and four strong” multinational seed companies
作物品种 研发内容
西瓜 与超坚硬果肉、液体保持型果肉、雄性不育表型相关的QTL和不同的多态性分子标记
大豆 与大豆胞囊线虫、蚜虫、亚洲大豆锈病、炭腐病抗旱性、疫霉根腐病、镰刀菌、疫霉菌抗性,抗倒伏性、氯化物耐受性、缺铁耐受性、开花时间性状相关的QTL及分子标记,用于品种鉴定的引物、探针、试剂盒和检测方法
玉米 与雄性生育力、耐寒性、穗重和产量性状,北方叶枯病、灰叶斑病、炭疽茎腐病、灰斑病抗性相关的遗传位点和分子标记
油菜 与纤维含量和种皮颜色相关的QTL精细图谱验证及基于SNP标记的鉴定方法,与油菜籽抗碎裂性、高油酸量、低亚麻酸量、除草剂抗性、细胞质雄性不育恢复、根肿病抗性、核盘菌属抗性等性状位点连锁的分子标记及使用方法
向日葵 与向日葵低棕榈酸含量表型、黄萎病抗性相关的分子标记,及品种鉴定探针、引物和方法
番茄 与番茄果实品质、黄叶卷曲病毒抗性相关的新基因及多态性分子标记
甜瓜 与甜瓜的南瓜黄色矮化失调病毒(CYSDV)抗性相关的新基因、多态性分子标记
甘蓝 与霜霉病抗性相关的新基因及多态性分子标记
辣椒 与疫霉、根结线虫抗性相关的新基因及多态性分子标记
黄瓜 与尖孢镰刀菌抗性相关的新基因及多态性分子标记
高粱 与细胞质雄性不育、炭疽病、开花时间相关的基因座和分子标记
小麦 与果聚糖/阿拉伯木聚糖含量相关的分子标记
Table 2 Molecular marker assisted breeding R & D of“two super and four strong”multinational breeding companies
跨国种企 专利数量/件
美国 加拿大 欧盟 中国 澳大利亚 巴西 印度 日本 阿根廷 墨西哥
科迪华 2 256 510 302 290 201 247 281 203 185 173
拜耳 2 454 146 169 127 148 113 113 94 151 107
巴斯夫 526 110 136 93 105 65 61 82 38 65
先正达 680 156 58 57 37 45 16 15 44 26
科沃施 63 37 79 37 15 27 6 7 19 4
利马格兰 107 5 49 4 9 3 1 2 2
Table 3 Main distribution regions of crop biological breeding patents of “two super and four strong” multinational breeding companies
IPC分类 释义 占比/%
美国 加拿大 欧盟 中国 澳大利亚 巴西
C12N15 突变或遗传工程 48.9 76.8 63.4 70.0 67.6 64.0
A01H5 特征在于其植物部分的被子植物 73.5 52.7 27.0 30.7 37.4 24.5
A01H1 基因型改良方法 35.6 52.9 18.8 16.2 15.7 17.0
A01H6 特征在于其植物学分类的被子植物 35.1 25.6 2.9 15.5 1.3 1.2
C07K14 具有多于20个氨基酸的肽;生长激素释放抑制因子 8.5 15.0 24.3 23.3 18.5 23.9
C12N9 酶和酶原及其制备、活化、抑制、分离、纯化方法 9.2 12.3 21.0 20.4 16.9 17.1
C12Q1 包含酶、核酸或微生物的检测方法 9.9 31.4 15.3 14.2 14.6 11.6
C12N5 未分化的细胞、组织及其培养或维持 4.6 50.7 7.2 14.4 11.9 10.0
A01N63 杀生物剂、驱虫剂、引诱剂或植物生长调节剂 3.0 7.2 7.0 8.2 6.3 8.3
C12N1 微生物及其组合物;繁殖、维持或保藏微生物或其组合物的
方法;制备或分离含有一种微生物的组合物的方法		 1.1 4.2 5.5 10.0 6.5 5.2
Table 4 IPC distribution of crop biological breeding patents of “two super and four strong” multinational breeding companies in main distribution regions
布局地区 占比/%
转基因
技术		 基因组编辑
技术		 分子标记
技术		 杂交育种
技术
美国 21.3 15.7 32.5 95.3
加拿大 6.1 9.6 6.2 4.7
欧盟 7.7 14.0 10.4 0.0
中国 6.8 6.2 4.6 0.0
澳大利亚 5.5 5.6 4.2 0.0
巴西 6.1 5.1 3.3 0.0
Table 5 Breeding technology hots distribution of crop biological breeding patents of “two super and four strong” multinational breeding companies in main distribution regions
序号 研发重点 重点专
利/件		 平均
申请年		 综合影响
力均值		 所属企业
1 广谱杀虫活性抗虫基因的挖掘与鉴定 10 2015.5 9.79 科迪华(9件)、拜耳(1件)
2 植物介导的RNA干扰在抗虫品种研发中的应用 8 2015.0 15.12 科迪华(6件)、拜耳(2件)
3 CRISPR/Cas基因编辑系统构建 8 2015.9 28.16 科迪华(7件)、拜耳(1件)
4 分子标记开发及其在作物育种中的应用 7 2015.7 9.07 拜耳(3件)、科迪华(2件)、
利马格兰(1件)、先正达(1件)
5 耐除草剂转基因品种研发及鉴定 5 2014.6 15.29 巴斯夫(4件)、拜耳(1件)
6 复合性状基因座的位点特异性整合技术 3 2016.0 15.30 科迪华(2件)、科沃施(1件)
Table 6 R & D focus of “two super and four strong” multinational seed companies on crop biological breeding
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