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中国生物工程杂志

China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology
China Biotechnology  2024, Vol. 44 Issue (1): 88-97    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2312101
    
Status and Prospects of Liquid Biofuel Industry under the Background of Global Low-carbon Energy Transition
Guoqing WU,Xiaozhou XUE,Jian MIN,Hailong LIN**()
SDIC Biotechnology Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100034, China
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Abstract  

Energy is the foundation of the economy and society. Carbon emission reduction during energy use has been an important symbol of sustainable development. Carbon emissions of fossil energy used in transportation contributes around 20% to the global energy system, putting enormous pressure on carbon emission reduction. Due to the significant property of carbon reduction, liquid biofuel is an ideal alternative in the transition from fossil fuels to electrification and hydrogen fuel, and has gradually become an important choice to facilitate carbon neutrality in the transportation sector. The global industrial development status and progress of three main liquid biofuels, bio-ethanol, biodiesel and bio-jet fuel, were reviewed in this paper. The existing problems and the carbon reduction potential of bio-liquid fuels under different application scenarios were deeply discussed. The challenges and opportunities of the bio-liquid fuel industry in China were summarized on the basis of double carbon development goal, and some proposals for industrial development were put forward. In the long run, cellulosic ethanol and bio-jet fuel through alcohol-to-jet fuel are two promising technologies to alleviate the pressure of raw material supply in the liquid biofuel industry of China.

Key words： Energy transition      Liquid biofuel      Fuel ethanol      Biodiesel      Bio-jet fuel     
Received: 20 December 2023      Published: 04 February 2024
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Guoqing WU
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Hailong LIN
Cite this article:

Guoqing WU, Xiaozhou XUE, Jian MIN, Hailong LIN. Status and Prospects of Liquid Biofuel Industry under the Background of Global Low-carbon Energy Transition. China Biotechnology, 2024, 44(1): 88-97.

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https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/10.13523/j.cb.2312101     OR     https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/Y2024/V44/I1/88

Fig.1 Distribution of global fuel ethanol production in 2022
Fig.2 Distribution of global biodiesel production in 2022
公司 规模与投资 原料与产品 技术方案 建成时间
/年份		 试车及现状
SDIC/
中国		 3.0万吨/年,
5亿元		 玉米秸秆/乙醇
+热、电		 微酸/中性汽爆预处理+酶水解+C5/C6共发酵 2022 2022年5月试车运行,8月产出合格纤维素乙醇产品;2023年实现连续稳定运行
Raizen/
巴西		 3.16万吨/年,
2.37亿雷亚尔		 蔗渣、蔗叶/
乙醇		 Iogen稀酸汽爆预处理+酶水解+C5/C6共发酵 2014 2014年11月试车;2017年产量突破1万吨;2023年产量达到2.39万吨,产品通过壳牌公司外销美国及欧盟地区;2022年宣布投资3.95亿美元新建2套纤维素乙醇装置,纤维素乙醇总产能达到22万吨/年
Granbiao/
巴西		 6.5万吨/年,
2.65亿美元		 蔗渣、蔗叶/
乙醇		 SO2汽爆预处理+酶水解+ C5/C6共发酵 2014 2014年9月试车,一直维持较低负荷生产
Clariant/
罗马尼亚		 5万吨/年,
1.5亿美元		 小麦秸秆/乙醇
+热、电		 中性汽爆预处理+在线产酶+ C5/C6共发酵 2022 2022年3月试车运行,6月生产出商用纤维素乙醇产品;2023年3月由于产能与财务业绩未达预期,该示范装置减值约2.25亿瑞士法郎,2023年12月宣布关停工厂
POET-DSM/
美国		 6.5万吨/年,
2.5亿美元		 玉米秸秆、芯/
乙醇+沼气		 稀酸汽爆预处理+酶水解+C5/C6共发酵 2014 2014年9月试车,2017年2月达到50%~60%负荷,11月达到80%负荷;2019年11月宣布停产转向研发和技术许可
Table 1 Global typical commercial scale cellulosic ethanol demonstration plants
技术路线 技术特点 原料 对比同期石油
基航煤价格		 掺混上
限/%		 认证时间
/年份
FT-SPK(费托合成石蜡煤油) 原料丰富,气化流程长,能耗高,设备投资大,操作稳定性有待提升 木质纤维素 1.8~2.2倍[36] 50 2009
HEFA-SPK(油脂和脂肪酸加
氢合成石蜡煤油)		 技术稳定,原料有限,对原料预处理要求较高 动植物油脂、脂肪酸 约2倍[31] 50 2011
SIP(糖发酵生产法尼烯再加
氢合成异构烷烃)		 原料为可发酵糖,成本高,法尼烯更适合生产高附加值产品 各种来源可发酵糖 约8.5倍[34] 10 2014
FT-SPK/A(费托合成石蜡煤
油与芳烃)		 产品增加了芳烃含量 木质纤维素 约2~3倍[34] 50 2015
ATJ-SPK(乙醇/异丁醇合成
石蜡煤油)		 最大限度利用现有乙醇发酵装置及工艺,掺混比例更高 各种来源可发酵糖 约2倍[37] 50 2016
CHJ(油脂和脂肪酸水热转化
合成煤油)		 流程短,可将任何可再生的脂肪和油脂原料转化为喷气燃料 油脂、脂肪 - 50 2020
HC-HEFAs(碳氢化合物、油脂
与脂肪酸加氢合成石蜡煤油)		 原料受限,成本高 藻油 - 50 2020
Table 2 Bio-jet fuel production technology certified by ASTM 7566
产品种类 原料 全生命周期
CO2减排量		 备注
一代乙醇 玉米 44%~52%[42] 汽油的CO2排放量为93 g/MJ,乙醇热值为26.7 MJ/kg,吨乙醇折等热量汽油排放2.48吨CO2;2025年燃料乙醇CO2减排量取50%,吨乙醇减排1.24吨CO2
二代乙醇 木质纤维素 >80%[43?-45]
一、二代
生物柴油		 棕榈油、豆油、菜籽油
餐厨余油、玉米酒糟油,等		 40%~69%[46]
79%~86%[47]		 石化柴油的CO2排放量为90 g/MJ,生物柴油热值为46 MJ/kg,吨生物柴油折等热量石化柴油排放4.14吨CO2;2025年生物柴油CO2减排量取80%,吨生物柴油减排3.31吨CO2
生物航煤 油脂
木质纤维素		 75%~84%[13,48]
67%~94%[13]		 3#航煤的CO2排放量为89 g/MJ,生物航煤热值为43 MJ/kg,吨生物航煤折等热量3#航煤排放3.83吨CO2;2025年生物航煤CO2减排量取80%,吨生物航煤减排3.06吨CO2
Table 3 Life cycle CO2 emissions reduction of liquid biofuels
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主管：中国科学院 　主办：中国科学院文献情报中心 　中国生物技术发展中心 　中国生物工程学会