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中国生物工程杂志

CHINA BIOTECHNOLOGY
中国生物工程杂志
中国生物工程杂志  2022, Vol. 42 Issue (1/2): 182-190    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2108071
综述     
重金属胁迫下的细菌适应性进化研究进展*
马春兰,李金花,白雨凡,魏云林()
昆明理工大学生命科学与技术学院 昆明 650500
Advances in Bacterial Adaptive Evolution under Heavy Metal Ion Stress
MA Chun-lan,LI Jin-hua,BAI Yu-fan,WEI Yun-lin()
Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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摘要：

细菌进化的本质是碱基突变、基因重排或水平基因转移,在适应性进化过程中,主要受生物和非生物因素的影响,其中重金属胁迫也是细菌适应性进化的主要因素之一。重金属胁迫促使细菌适应性地强化与金属输入和转化有关的代谢途径,而过量的金属则诱导金属积累和外排过程。在重金属胁迫下,基于重金属抗性(HMR)基因和酶蛋白的适应,细菌抗性机制亦发生适应性进化,整理和总结了包括隔离机制适应、金属调控蛋白调控机制适应及酶解毒机制适应方面的研究。目前,重金属离子已对环境造成严重污染,威胁人类健康和生态系统的稳定,因此,阐明重金属胁迫下的细菌适应性进化,不仅丰富了细菌进化研究的内容,而且为在复杂环境条件下实现重金属离子污染的微生物的修复提供了理论基础。
关键词： 重金属;  细菌;  适应性进化;  胁迫;  微生物修复    
Abstract:

Base mutation, gene re-arrangement or horizontal gene transfer are the fundamental mechanisms involved in bacterial evolution. During adaptive evolution, they are mainly affected by biological and abiological factors. Among them, heavy metal ion stress is also one of the main reasons during bacterial adaptive evolution, and it drives bacteria to adaptively strengthen the metabolic pathways related to metal input and/or transformation. On the other hand, excessive metal ion also can induce metal accumulation and efflux. Under heavy metal stress, heavy metal resistance (HMR) gene and enzyme protein play an important role involved in mechanisms of bacterial adaptive evolution. The mechanisms include the adaptation of isolation, the regulatory adaptation of metal regulatory protein and the adaptation of enzyme detoxification. The current research status and progress were summarized in this paper. Heavy metal ions have polluted the environment and threatened human health and ecosystem stability. Therefore, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution of bacteria under heavy metal stress, this paper not only enriches the content of bacterial evolutionism, but also provides a theoretical basis for the biological remediation of environmental pollution by heavy metal ions.
Key words: Heavy metal ions    Bacteria    Adaptive evolution    Stress    Bioremediation
收稿日期: 2021-08-30 出版日期: 2022-03-03
ZTFLH:  Q93  
基金资助: * 国家自然科学基金(31960232)
通讯作者: 魏云林     E-mail: homework18@126.com
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引用本文:

马春兰,李金花,白雨凡,魏云林. 重金属胁迫下的细菌适应性进化研究进展*[J]. 中国生物工程杂志, 2022, 42(1/2): 182-190.

MA Chun-lan,LI Jin-hua,BAI Yu-fan,WEI Yun-lin. Advances in Bacterial Adaptive Evolution under Heavy Metal Ion Stress. China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(1/2): 182-190.

链接本文:

https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/CN/10.13523/j.cb.2108071    或    https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/CN/Y2022/V42/I1/2/182

影响因素
(Influence factor)		 分类
(Classification)		 机制
(Mechanism)		 例子
(Example)		 参考文献
(Reference)
生物因素 细菌-噬菌体
的互作
BPI		 噬菌体和前噬菌体介导的 HGT
1) 吸附抑制;
2) CRISPR-Cas系统;
3) 限制修饰系统(RM系统);
4) 毒素-抗毒素系统(TA系统);
5) Rex系统。		 1)E.coli噬菌体编码调节因子调节mRNA的表达;
2)S.aureus前噬菌体编码免疫蛋白利于抵抗和逃避免疫;
3)E.faecalis前噬菌体编码整合酶蛋白维持溶源性以促进细菌适应性进化等。		 [12-16]
细菌-真菌
的互作
BFI		 代谢基因介导的 HGT
1)感知真菌释放的代谢产物并促进生长;
2)沿真菌菌丝扩散使鞭毛菌的适应性提高;
3)产生未知性质的信号诱导真菌生长。		 1)Ave1和葡萄糖基转移酶编码基因可使V.dahliae的毒力降低,发现44个HGT候选基因,均来自细菌,并且HGT3、HGT5、HGT19、HGT22、HGT42 都可以编码糖基水解酶,参与碳水化合物的代谢;
2)HGT5、HGT8参与Colletotrichum的碳水化合物代谢,HGT1、HGT7参与氨基酸代谢,且HGT9同时参与多种代谢过程等。		 [17-18]
细菌-细菌
的互作BBI		 毒力因子、胞外多糖、群体感应(QS)信号分子介导的基因重排 1)P.aeruginosa 分泌铁载体、生物表面活性剂和毒素等因子实现菌株间合作共享;
2)QS信号分子AI-2诱导P.aeruginosa感知其他菌株的存在并调整基因表达等。		 [18]
非生物因素 抗生素 HGT和基因突变
1)改变抗生素靶标;
2)降解或修饰抗生素药物;
3)减少抗生素药物的摄取或增加外排。		 1)靶基因突变、替换:细菌拓扑异构酶突变引起喹诺酮类耐药性,由于获得嵌合青霉素结合蛋白引起内酰胺耐药性;
2)酶修饰:通过细胞壁的重组获得万古霉素耐药性;
3)靶基因保护:QnrA蛋白保护细菌拓扑异构酶免受喹诺酮类药物的抑制活性等。		 [19]
温度 特定生理机制适应和耐受低温
1)调节细胞质膜的流动性;
2)节约/产生能源(生产渗透保护剂或兼容溶质、热休克和冷休克蛋白);
3)表达冷活性酶。		 1)嗜冷菌的冷适应性进化与CG含量及DNA内在柔韧性有关;
2)E.coli表达热休克蛋白/冷休克蛋白以促进温度适应性等。		 [20]
酸碱性 细胞器和代谢相关基因介导的HGT
嗜酸细菌
1)细胞膜阻止质子进入胞内;
2)借助质子泵和消耗质子的酶在胞内中和或排出质子。
嗜碱细菌
1) Na+/H+反向运输系统;
2) 产碱性酶并形成离子屏障;
3) 细胞壁上多聚物的调节作用。
嗜中性细菌
1)泵出质子,产生氨和消耗质子的脱羧反应;
2)改变细胞膜的脂质含量。		 1)嗜酸细菌表达钾转移蛋白形成细胞膜内部正电位,puf,puh、rbc、frm、cyn等HGT基因参与环境适应和代谢活动;
2)Bacillus mannanilyticus产几丁质酶,使其具有较高的热稳定性和最适温度;
3)嗜碱和嗜中性细菌胞内磷酸丝氨酸转氨酶动力学和酶学性质相似且遵循相似的动力学规律等。		 [21-23]
非生物因素 重金属 HGT和基因突变
1)单核苷酸多态性(SNP);
2)插入序列(IS);
3)基因缺失/重组/转座;
4)加强酶蛋白的合成;
5)改变酶蛋白的催化活性、结构和功能。		 1)C.Metalliduans引入Mer基因,与亲本基因组相比,有8个IS、3个基因缺失和9个SNP,增强了的整体重金属抗性;
2)在Zn2+胁迫下,Pseudomonasputida的CzcCBA1发生突变,大量表达CadA1以合成蛋白CadA1,增加酶蛋白的合成;
3)在Cd2+胁迫下,细菌易分泌PN来实现自我保护,更高的PN含量或PN/PS比值可显著增加EPS的疏水性,增强与Cd2+的亲和力;
4)在Zn2+的胁迫下,B.subtilis表达Zur(来自Fur家族)和CzrA(来自ArsR/SmtB家族)对Zn2+进行调控,蛋白Zur调节Zn2+吸收,蛋白CzrA调节Zn2+流出,以便B. subtilis适应Zn2+浓度等。		 [24-28]
表1  影响细菌适应性进化的因素
图1  重金属胁迫下的细菌抗性机制
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