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中国生物工程杂志

CHINA BIOTECHNOLOGY
中国生物工程杂志
中国生物工程杂志  2022, Vol. 42 Issue (1/2): 146-159    DOI: 10.13523/j.cb.2108005
综述     
食用菌多糖的提取纯化及生物活性研究进展*
赵炳杰1,2,郭岩彬1,2,**()
1 中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100193
2 生物多样性与有机农业北京市重点实验室 北京 100193
Advances in Extraction, Purification and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Edible Fungi
ZHAO Bing-jie1,2,GUO Yan-bin1,2,**()
1 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
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摘要：

食用菌多糖因具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂等生物活性而备受关注。食用菌多糖的结构影响其生物活性,具有(1→3)、(1→4)、(1→6)及混合糖苷键的β-D-葡聚糖是高活性食用菌多糖的结构特征之一,展现出提高抗氧化酶活性、促进分泌抗癌因子、刺激脾脏和胸腺细胞增殖等不同功能。酸碱、超声波及微波、Sevag法、树脂法、亲和层析等不同提取纯化方法会影响食用菌多糖得率,同时会改变食用菌多糖结构,影响其生物活性。详述食用菌多糖的提取纯化方法及其对结构与活性的影响,食用菌多糖的组成结构和构效关系,以及食用菌多糖在抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血糖和降血脂等方面的功能、结构特征及生物活性,并提出了食用菌多糖形成的分子机制、多糖活性位点修饰、多糖代谢动力学等未来研究方向。
关键词： 食用菌多糖;  提取纯化;  结构;  生物活性    
Abstract:

Edible fungi polysaccharides have attracted much attention because of their biological activities such as antioxidant, immune regulation, anti-tumor, and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect. The structure of edible fungi polysaccharides affects their biological activityies and has the characteristics of (1→3), (1→4), and (1→6) and mixed glycosidic bonds β-D-glucan is one of the structural characteristics of highly active edible fungi polysaccharides. It shows different functions, such as improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes, promoting the secretion of anticancer factors, and stimulating the proliferation of spleen and thymocytes. Different extraction and purification methods such as acid-base, ultrasonic and microwave, Sevag method, resin method and affinity chromatography will affect the yield of edible fungi polysaccharides, change their structure and affect their biological activities. The extraction and purification methods of edible fungi polysaccharides and their effects on structure and activity, the composition, structure and structure-activity relationship of edible fungi polysaccharides, as well as the functions, structural characteristics and biological activities of edible fungi polysaccharides in antioxidant, antitumor, immune regulation, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic aspects were described in detail. The molecular mechanism of edible fungi polysaccharides formation, modification of polysaccharide active sites, polysaccharide metabolic kinetics and other future research directions were proposed.
Key words: Edible fungi polysaccharides    Extraction and purification    Structure    Biological activity
收稿日期: 2021-08-02 出版日期: 2022-03-03
ZTFLH:  Q819  
基金资助: * 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303106)
通讯作者: 郭岩彬     E-mail: guoyb@cau.edu.cn
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引用本文:

赵炳杰,郭岩彬. 食用菌多糖的提取纯化及生物活性研究进展*[J]. 中国生物工程杂志, 2022, 42(1/2): 146-159.

ZHAO Bing-jie,GUO Yan-bin. Advances in Extraction, Purification and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Edible Fungi. China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(1/2): 146-159.

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https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/CN/10.13523/j.cb.2108005    或    https://manu60.magtech.com.cn/biotech/CN/Y2022/V42/I1/2/146

图1  食用菌葡聚糖基本结构示意图[31]
门 目 菌种 多糖 单糖组成
(摩尔比)		 分子量
/kDa		 结构特征 生物活性 参考
文献
担子菌门
Basidiomycota		 多孔菌目
Polyporales		 猴头菇
H.erinaceus		 HPB-3 Fuc∶Gal∶Glc=
5.2∶23.9∶1		 15 α-L-Fucp-(1→, →2,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ 激活巨噬细胞;
NO↑;TNF-α↑		 [35]
HPB-W Fuc∶Gal∶Glc∶Man∶Rha=1.59∶7.06∶5.60∶0.89∶0.98 15.9 α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→,β-Galp-(1→, →3,4)-β-D-Manp,→3)-α-Rhap→2)-β-L-Fucp 强化巨噬细胞吞噬;NO↑;IL-6↑;TNF-α↑ [36]
灵芝
G.lucidum		 GLPL2 Glc∶Gal∶Man=
29∶1.8∶1.0		 15.4 →3)-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-D-Glcp-(1→ and →4,6)-D-Glcp-(1→;→6)-D-Galp-(1→ · O 2 -↓、
·OH↓、
H2O2↓		 [37]
GLP-2 Glc 19.5 →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→,→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ 脾脏胸腺,血清IgA↑ [38]
灰树花
P.frondosus		 GP11 Man∶Glc∶Gal=
1∶5.04∶2.61		 6.9 →1)-β-Manp-(6→,→1)-β-Glcp-(4→,→1)-β-Galp-(6→,→2,3,6)-β-Glcp-(1→ 抑制Heps生长,
NO↑;IL-2↑;TNF-α↑		 [39]
GF70-F1 Gal∶Glc∶Man=
1.24∶56∶1		 1 260 (1→3),(1→6)-β-D-葡聚糖;β-(1→4)-糖苷键主链;β-(1→6)-糖苷键支链 抑制NF-κB;IL-6↑;TNF-α↑ [40]
银耳目
Tremella		 银耳
T.fuciformis		 TAPA1 Man∶Xyl∶Glc =
5∶4∶1		 135 4-β-D-Manp-(1→3)-β-D-Xylp-(1→4)-β-D-GlcAp-(1→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→ 刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖 [41]
PTF-M38 Xyl∶Man∶Glc∶Gal = 1∶1.47∶0.48∶0.34 1.24 — — [42]
木耳菌目
Auriculariales		 黑木耳
A.auricula		 CEPSN-2 Ara∶Fuc∶Gal∶Glc∶GalA∶GlcA∶Man=0.11∶0.45∶1.04∶97.56∶0.20∶0.50∶0.14 6.7 (1→4)-α-D-葡聚糖骨架 NO↑;IL-6↑;IL-10↑;TNF-α↑ [43]
AAPHs-F Gal∶Glc∶Man=
1∶3.25∶12.7		 0.885 (1→3)-β-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖,-COOH和乙酰胺 SOD↑;GSH-Px↑;CAT↑ [44]
伞菌目
Agaricales		 香菇
L.edodes		 JLNT — 605.4 β-(1→3)-D-葡萄糖主链
β-(1→6)-D-葡萄糖侧链		 Bax↑; Bal↓
激活Caspase-3		 [45]
PBPs Man∶Rib∶GluA∶Glu∶Gal∶Ara∶Fuc=8.22∶1.33∶1.14∶72.50∶12.71∶0.52∶3.60 3.906 β-葡聚糖苷键
吡喃糖环		 清除DPPH;
· O 2 -; ·OH		 [46]
ASMCP Rha∶Ara∶Gal∶Glu=
4∶3∶1∶4		 2.177 α-(1→3)-糖苷键 TNF-α↑
IL-1β↑; IL-6↑		 [47]
杏鲍菇
P.eryngii		 PEPw Ara∶Man∶Gal=
1.2∶2.3∶6.2		 25 1,6-D-Galp, 1,2,6-D-Galp, 1,4-D-Manp NK细胞增殖
IL-2↑;TNF-α↑		 [48]
MG-Pe Man∶3-O-Me-Gal∶Gal=32.9∶15:521 20.9 α-1,6-D-Galp, α-1,6-3-O-Me-D-Galp 小鼠黑色素瘤体积减少60% [49]
金针菇
F.velutipes		 GNP Glc∶Man∶Xyl=
3.5∶0.8∶1.4		 353 α-1,4-糖苷键主链
α-1,6-糖苷键支链		 CD4+↓、CD8+↓、ICAM-1↓、MPO↓ [50]
FVPB2 Gal∶Man∶Fuc∶Glc=1.9∶1.2∶1∶2.5 15 α-D-Manp-(1→; →3,4)-α-D-Galp-(1→; →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→; α-L-Fucp-(1→;→2)-α-D-Galp-(1→; →3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ 免疫调节
IgM↑;IgG↑		 [51]
平菇
P.ostreatus		 KOMAP Glc∶Man∶Ara=
6.2∶2.1∶2.0		 21 β-1,4-Glu;β-1,3,6-Man; α-1-Ara 免疫调节,IL-2↑;TNF-α↑;IFN-γ↑ [52]
POP Glc∶Fuc∶Rha∶Gal∶Xyl∶Man∶Ara=10.6∶2.0∶3.5∶45.6∶4.6∶28.3∶5.4 — (1→6)-β-D-葡聚糖,在O-3位置略微分支 — [53]
白灵菇
P.nebrodensis		 PNPS Glc∶Man∶Gal=
1∶18∶1		 5 012 →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ 降血脂 [54]
子囊菌门
Ascomycota		 麦角菌目
Clavicipitales		 蛹虫草
C.militaris		 CBP-1 Man∶Gal∶Glc=
3.15∶4.34∶1		 17 →4)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Manp-(1→; β-D-Galp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp 抗氧化·OH↓ [55]
CMP-W1 Man∶Glc∶Gal=
2.84∶1∶1.29		 366 1→,1→6,1→2,1→2,6糖苷键;α-Manp-(1→3)-Glcp 免疫力↑;脾淋巴细胞增殖 [56]
蝉花Isaria
cicadae
Miquel		 JCH-1 Glc∶Man∶Gal=
41.75∶33.67∶24.85		 30.9 — NO↑;IL-6↑;TNF-α↑ [57]
JCH-2 Glc∶Man∶Gal=
72.59∶13.99∶13.42		 555.3 — JCH-2<JCH-1 [58]
盘菌目
Pezizales		 羊肚菌
M.esculenta		 NMCP-2 Man∶Glc∶Gal∶Xyl=3.35∶19.57∶1∶3.14 48.3 →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→6)-α-D-Glup-(1→4)-α-D-Glup-(1→ Bcl-2↓;Bax↑ [59]
MIPW50-1 GlcNAc∶Gal∶Glc∶Man=1∶14.95∶1.53∶10.51 28.5 →2,3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→,→3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→,→2)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→,→4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→,→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 强化吞噬细胞
NO↑;IL-6↑;TNF-α↑		 [60]
表1  主要种类食用菌多糖的单糖组成、结构特征及生物活性
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